Journal of Surgical Research
Volume 159, Issue 1 , Pages 462-467 , March 2010

Teaching Breaking Bad News Using Mixed Reality Simulation

  • Mark W. Bowyer, M.D.

      Affiliations

    • National Capital Area Medical Simulation Center of the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
    • Corresponding Author InformationTo whom correspondence and reprint requests should be addressed at Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814.
    • ,
  • Janice L. Hanson, Ph.D.

      Affiliations

    • National Capital Area Medical Simulation Center of the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
    • ,
  • Elisabeth A. Pimentel, B.A.

      Affiliations

    • National Capital Area Medical Simulation Center of the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
    • ,
  • Amy K. Flanagan, M.F.A.

      Affiliations

    • National Capital Area Medical Simulation Center of the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
    • ,
  • Lisa M. Rawn, M.A.

      Affiliations

    • Center for Experiential Learning and Assessment, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
    • ,
  • Anne G. Rizzo, M.D.

      Affiliations

    • National Capital Area Medical Simulation Center of the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
    • ,
  • E. Matthew Ritter, M.D.

      Affiliations

    • National Capital Area Medical Simulation Center of the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
    • ,
  • Joseph O. Lopreiato, M.D.

      Affiliations

    • National Capital Area Medical Simulation Center of the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland

Received 9 January 2009

References 

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  2. Oken D. What to tell cancer patients: A study of medical attitudes. JAMA. 1961;175:1120
  3. Dosanjh S, Barnes J, Bhandari M. Barriers to breaking bad news among medical and surgical residents. Med Educ. 2001;35:197
  4. Ptacek JT, Eberhardt TL. Breaking bad news: A review of the literature. JAMA. 1996;276:496
  5. Garg A, Buckman R, Kason Y. Teaching medical students to break bad news. Can Med Assoc J. 1997;156:1159
  6. Fallowfield L, Jenkins V. Communicating sad, bad, and difficult news in medicine. Lancet. 2004;363:312
  7. Kalet A, Pugnaire MP, Cole-Kelly K, et al. Teaching communication in clinical clerkships: Models from the Macy initiative in health communications. Acad Med. 2004;79:511
  8. Wagner PJ, Lentz L, Heslop SD. Teaching communication skills: A skills-based approach. Acad Med. 2002;77:1164
  9. Rosenbaum ME, Ferguson KJ, Lobas JG. Teaching medical students and residents skills for delivering bad news: A review of strategies. Acad Med. 2004;79:107
  10. Girgis A, Sanson-Fisher RW. Breaking bad news: Consensus guidelines for medical practitioners. J Clin Oncol. 1995;13:2449
  11. Buckman R. Breaking bad news: Why is it so difficult?. Br Med J. 1984;288:1597
  12. Rabow MW, McPhee SJ. Beyond breaking bad news: How to help patients who suffer. West J Med. 1999;171:260
  13. Ellis PM, Tattersall MH. How should doctors communicate the diagnosis of cancer to patients?. Ann Med. 1999;31:336
  14. Baile WF, Buckman R, Lenzia R, et al. SPIKES—A six-step protocol for delivering bad news: Application to the patient with cancer. Oncologist. 2000;5:302
  15. Hughes CE, Stapleton CB, Hughes DE, et al. Mixed reality in education, entertainment, and training. IEEE Comput Graph Appl. 2005;25:24
  16. Noeller TP, Smith MD, Holmes L, et al. A theme-based hybrid simulation model to train and evaluate emergency medicine residents. Acad Emerg Med. 2008;15:1199
  17. Seagull FJ, Moses G, Park AE. Integration of virtual reality and conventional skills trainers: A mixed resource model. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2008;132:446
  18. Kneebone RL, Nestel D, Moorthy K, et al. Learning the skills of flexible sigmoidoscopy —the wider perspective. Med Educ. 2003;37(Suppl 1):50
  19. Kneebone RL, Kidd J, Nestel D, et al. Blurring the boundaries: scenario-based simulation in a clinical setting. Med Educ. 2005;39:580
  20. Bowyer MW, Rawn L, Hanson J, et al. Combining high-fidelity human patient simulators with a standardized family member: A novel approach to teaching breaking bad news. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2006;119:67
  21. Arnold SJ, Koczwara B. Breaking bad news: Learning through experience. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:5098
  22. http://www.acgme.org/outcome/comp/compMin.asp

PII: S0022-4804(09)00226-1

doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2009.04.032

Journal of Surgical Research
Volume 159, Issue 1 , Pages 462-467 , March 2010

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