Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the number one cause of death among women, accounting for
nearly 50% of female deaths. Statistics show that women on average develop cardiovascular
disease 10 to 15 years later in life than men, and that the risk may increase after
menopause. This observation has led to much speculation as to what physiological change(s)
associated with menopause is responsible for the higher risk of atherosclerosis. Estrogen,
with its potential as a cardioprotective agent and as an immunomodulator of the inflammatory
response in atherosclerosis, has received the most attention. Understanding the mechanisms
that lead to these differences may allow beneficial therapeutic intervention to enhance
this effect in females and evoke this protection in males. This review will do the
following: (1) characterize mechanisms of atherosclerosis, (2) explore the role of
estrogen-replacement therapy, (3) define the effect of gender on inflammation, (4)
compare and contrast the effects of estrogen and testosterone on endothelial functional,
and (5) suggest mechanistic based therapeutic opportunities.
Keywords
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Article info
Publication history
Received:
February 26,
2003
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© 2003 Elsevier Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
