Abstract
Background
Macrophages are important in wound defense and healing. Dakin's solution (DS), buffered
sodium hypochlorite, has been used since World War I as a topical antimicrobial for
wound care. DS has been shown to be toxic to host cells, but effects on immune cells
are not well documented.
Materials and methods
DS at 0.5%, 0.125%, and ten-fold serial dilutions from 0.25%–0.00025% were evaluated
for cellular toxicity on murine macrophages (J774A.1). The effect of DS on macrophage
adhesion, phagocytosis, and generation of reactive oxygen species was examined. Macrophage
polarization following DS exposure was determined by gene expression using quantitative
real-time polymerase chain reaction.
Results
Concentrations of DS >0.0025% reduced macrophage viability to <5% in exposure times
as short as 30 s. Similarly, phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Aspergillus flavus were significantly reduced at all tested concentrations by macrophages pretreated
with DS. H2O2 production was reduced by 8%–38% following treatment with 0.00025%–0.125% DS. Macrophage
adherence was significantly increased with >0.0025% DS after 15 min of exposure compared
with controls. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction demonstrated that
DS exposure resulted in classical macrophage activation, with increased expression
of inducible nitric oxide synthase 2, interferon-γ, and interleukin (IL)-1β.
Conclusions
DS at clinically used concentrations (0.025%–0.25%) was detrimental to macrophage
survival and function. For optimal clinical use, understanding the impact of DS on
macrophages is important as depletion may result in impaired pathogen clearance and
delayed healing. These findings indicate that 0.00025% DS is a safe starting dose;
however, optimal use of DS requires further validation with in vivo models.
Keywords
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Article info
Publication history
Published online: July 18, 2014
Accepted:
July 10,
2014
Received in revised form:
June 2,
2014
Received:
March 11,
2014
Identification
Copyright
Published by Elsevier Inc.
